VOLUMES AND ISSUES

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In an electrical installation in buildings, electromechanical switches are mostly used to turn on and off a load. However, sometimes there are two or more switches in the same circuit intended to control the same load. Thus, a conflict can happen between multi-users who are trying to overtake the control of the load (such as turning it on or off). To solve the problem, this paper proposes a novel switch called “Fully Controllable Rotary Switch” (FCRS) in which it can fully control not only the load but also other switches by blocking them or giving them limited or full access over the electrical circuit and the loads. For validation purposes, the utilization of FCRS in buildings is compared to the traditional switches under the same functionality and conditions. Results show that FCRS has the ability to control many electrical loads simultaneously, control other switches in the circuit, increase the satisfaction, security, and privacy of the users. Finally, it reduces the conflict between multi-users and the investment cost by avoiding installing additional switches and protection devices.

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The aim of the present work was to the preparation of biodiesel from sunflower oil and ethanol by the transesterification reaction in the presence of the KOH. The conversion was 88% at using a 1:3 molar ratio of oil to alcohol at 75°C. Important fuel physical properties of B10 blend with (or without) oxygenated additivities by the ASTM standards had been investigated. Based on the obtained results is noted that the fuel blend B10 with (or without) additivities has greater potentials for diesel engines than, B100 and fossil diesel.

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Autonomous systems are widely used in missions that require continuity and high attention. The most important of these is the control of borders, which is a national security problem. It is done with PTZ (Pan Tilt Zoom) cameras located in the watch towers of the country's land borders, moving objects (human, vehicle, etc.) can be detected and this data is analyzed and converted into information in the relevant unit. In countries with very large land borders, installing such watchtowers would result in very high costs. Instead, this can be achieved with low-cost, low-altitude rotary wing aircraft. In this study, a system that can perform target detection and tracking is implemented thanks to the rotary wing aircraft that can perform this task and the imaging system it has on it.

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Has anyone ever missed an event because he was confused about days and dates? Do we remember the date of any day without looking at a calendar? Is the current Gregorian Calendar efficient enough for use, and does it facilitate our life or make it more complicated? Have you ever thought about a much simpler way to calculate days and dates in a year? All these questions are answered in this paper, in which the author proposes original optimization algorithm that creates optimal perennial calendars. Results show that there is more than one way to create a perennial calendar, in which the number of days in each month does not change, neither the dates. Hence, all months have the same sequence of days and dates. In other meaning, Monday becomes the first day of every month, and Sunday becomes the last day. Consequently, the calendars become much easier to memorize and very simple to predict the days and dates in any year.

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In recent years, prices of fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, and the need for sustainable energy sources is increasing day by day. Thus, electric vehicles are seen as a promising candidate in the market due to its low-cost and cleaner fuel option thanks to renewable energy sources. Moreover, aerodynamics is one of the most important criteria to consider while designing an automobile for the most efficient driving conditions. For this reason, vehicle developers are studying to reduce drag resistance of the body to improve driving efficiency. On the other hand, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the vital tools for the automotive industry to obtain low-cost results before prototyping of any product. In this study, the aerodynamic characteristics of VoltaCAR electric vehicle is numerically investigated to obtain the best driving velocity. This car participates the TUBITAK-Electromobile car race every year to achieve low fuel consumption for one-hour driving. Thus, it is aimed that to minimize the resistance of the air hitting from the front, side, and roof of the vehicle. In the numerical model, polyhedral mesh structure is preferred to obtain faster convergence with fewer iterations, and shorter computation time is obtained compared to the tetrahedral mesh method. The aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd) of the car model is computed as approximately 0.11 at 22.22 and 27.78 m/s. The best velocity values are selected as 22.22 and 27.78 m/s due to their lower Cd.

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Summary
A Novel Fully Controllable Rotary Switch for Electrical Installation in Buildings
(Research Article) 1
Claude Ziad El-Bayeh, Mohamed Zellagui, Brahim Brahmi

Testing of Pine Oil and Glycerol Ketal as Components of B10 Fuel Blend
(Research Article) 11
Ibrahim Mamedov, Sahila Huseynova, Ofelia Javadova, Nargiz Azimova,
Rahila Huseynova, Shargiya Gasimova

Country Border Line Control of Autonomous Rotary Wing Aircraft that Can Detect and
Track Moving Objects (Research Article) 15
Tuğrul Oktay, Enes Özen

Novel Optimal Perennial Calendar Systems vs Gregorian Calendar and Their Impact on
the Energy Demand and the Environment (Research Article) 20
Claude Ziad El-Bayeh, Mohamed Zellagui, Brahim Brahmi

CFD Modellıng of Voltacar Electric Vehicle Body for the Most Efficient Driving
Conditions (Research Article) 34
Yakup Ogun Suzen1, Emre Ozdogan, Ibrahim San, Batuhan Gurbuz, Mehmet Kacar,
Nesrin Demir, Mehmet Fatih Kaya

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This work examines, on different aspects, the sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model over the Northeast Region of Brazil to evaluate its performance in representing wind speed and direction. Thus, it seeks to stimulate the growth of the wind industry in the country and the improvement of the WRF. For that, three compositions of physical parameterizations are proposed, two focused on the comparison of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) scheme used and one on the global model Global Forecast System (GFS), as well as verified its results in two horizontal resolutions, 3 and 9 km. The first two weeks of March and September 2018 are evaluated. The applied statistical analyzes are validated through observations provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), as well as by GFS analyzes. The results demonstrate that the YSU-PBL scheme, with the topo_wind option activated, provided, for the periods of study, the most reliable wind reproduction over the Northeast, as well as the arrangement based on the GFS parameterizations. The WRF presents a better performance, when compared to the other analyzed regions, above all, on the northeastern coast, a range of relevant wind potential and, therefore, of great applicability of the model.

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This research is about the disposal and evaluation of mucilage, which threatens human health, marine ecosystem, social life and economy. For this purpose, the idea of providing benefits by creating an alternative to meet the energy need, which is one of the world's priority problems, has been adopted. It has been determined that mucilage can be used in the production of biogas, which is a popular energy type in recent times, in line with its structural properties and content. Biogas, which has the potential to be an alternative to fossil fuels thanks to its numerous advantages, is a versatile renewable energy source that can be used in many different areas. In this study, the biogas production potential of mucilage was investigated theoretically with two different methods. One of the methods is to calculate the methane yield based on the protein, lipid and carbohydrate content of the organic matter. In the other method, according to the results of elemental analysis, the methane yield was calculated using the stoichiometric equation. According to the analysis and calculations, the theoretical methane yield of the mucilage was found to be 528.68 mL CH4/g VS according to the organic matter content and 526.15 mL CH4/g VS according to the elemental content. Theoretical calculation of the methane yield before the experimental study saves material and time. In this direction, it has been concluded that the biogas production potential of the mucilage is high and suitable for experimental work, since the methane yield values calculated using different methods are high and close to each other. It is believed that this study, which investigates the disposal of mucilage, which is a harmful formation, and its usability in the production of biogas, which is an efficient energy type, makes a multi-faceted contribution to the literature for humanity.

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Blackbody radiation was proposed by Planck to measure the temperature of a body by observing its electromagnetic waves spectrum. However, when it comes to massive objects such as stars, other factors can affect the emitted wavelength of the light from the body, such as gravitational field and doppler effect, which are caused not only by the star but also by the observer (i.e., Earth). Hence, predicting the surface temperature of a star by using only the blackbody radiation might not be accurate especially for massive stars. To solve the problem, and to give more accuracy to the measurement, this paper proposes an algorithm and a modification of the blackbody radiation theory by considering the impact of relativistic Doppler effect and the gravitational field of both, the emitter (i.e., star), and the receiver (i.e., Earth), on the blackbody radiation theory. For validation purposes, the proposed modification theory is compared to the original one proposed by Planck using four different case studies, (a) sun is considered as an emitter and the earth as the receiver; (b) a massive star is considered as an emitter and the earth as a receiver; (c) the earth is considered as an emitter and a massive star as a receiver; finally (d) two identical stars are considered as emitter and receiver, respectively. Results show that our proposed method works perfectly and gives more accurate results compared to the traditional blackbody radiation theory since the impact of gravitational field and Doppler effect on the spectrum are considered.

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This paper presents a buck converter which has an high efficient and low power consumption for low power applications. The proposed topology is based on buck converter using switching MOSFET with bulk-terminal. The suitable bulk-terminal switching voltage is selected by analyzing the effect of bulk voltage on a MOSFET performance. It is concluded that the bulk-switched DC-DC buck converter structure has the advantages such as high switching performance, low power consumption and high efficiency compared to conventional DC-DC converter circuits. The efficiency value has obtained 88.2%. The proposed circuit is approved experimentally and simultaneously.

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This study aims to observe whether the overall yield has changed by means of the different blade structures and the end plates placed on the different blade structures of the Savonius-type wind turbine. End plates of different diameters are placed at the top and bottom of the turbine to increase overall efficiency. While the experimental analysis was conducted in the aerodynamic laboratory of the faculty of Aeronautical and Astronautical at Erciyes University, Ansys fluent software is used for the numerical calculations. The turbine structure used for the numerical study is made according to the optimum values taken from the experimental investigation to minimize the time wasted. The results in the experimental and numerical analysis were compared with each other and the overall yield was observed to increase according to these analysis results. The presence of the end plate significantly increased the efficiency of the savonius turbine and allowed it to operate in the higher TSR range. This increase is directly proportional to the enlarging in the diameter of the end plate.

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Most of the researcher has attempted for the encapsulation of phase change materials in small scale for the thermal storage applications. However, energy conversion in field applications require enormous quantity of thermal energy storage materials. In the present work, a pre-pilot scale is developed for by in-situ polymerization process for with encapsulation of different binary mixtures. The thermal properties of obtained microcapsules was characterized by DSC, TGA, and chemical structures were examined by FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM were exploited to identify shape, mean size, functional groups, crystalline state, and weight loss of different microcapsules. The results show that the synthesized microcapsules were regular in shape and smooth shell is well was well encapsulated around cores. The thermal properties of different microcapsules are 34.9 ℃, 95.3 kJ/kg and 35.6 ℃, 98.5 kJ/kg resultant to microencapsulation of 75% Stearic acid + 25% Capric acid and 63% Capric acid + 37% Palmitic acid respectively. The encapsulation efficiencies were 78.2% and 73.09%. The percentage yields of the products are obtained ~82%.

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Summary:
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND STORAGE